前日经卫生部证实,巴生(Bandar Botanic)一名妇女从新加坡返国后受感染兹卡病毒,目前正在双溪毛糯医院治疗中。
兹卡在大马的首宗案例,各位,尤其是孕妇必须加强戒备!做好防范抗兹卡病毒!
在合力对抗兹卡病毒前,快来了解兹卡究竟是什么呢?

Mosquito sucking blood on a human hand

1)什么是茲卡病毒(Zika virus)?

茲卡病毒是由蚊子传播的虫媒病毒,最早是在1947年从乌干达茲卡森林的獼猴体內分离出來,1952年在乌干达与坦尚尼亞发现人类病例。非洲、美洲、亚太地区都出现过疫情。茲卡病毒主要经由斑蚊传播。

zika-virus-symptoms

2)茲卡病毒的症状有哪些?

潜伏期通常为37天,最长可达12天。典型的症状包括急性起病的低热、斑丘疹、关节疼痛(主要累及手、足小关节)、结膜炎(红眼),其他症状包括肌痛、头痛、眼窝痛及无力。另外少见的症状包括腹痛、恶心、呕吐、黏膜溃疡和皮肤瘙痒。症状通常较温和。此外,由于自20155月以來,巴西的新生儿发生小頭畸形的案例数異常增加,推测和妈妈怀孕期间感染茲卡病毒有关。

3)该如何治疗?

目前并没有任何抗病毒药物或疫苗可治疗,建议患者获得充足的休息,可用乙醯氨基酚 (Acetaminophen) 解热剂解除部分不适感,使用抗组织胺解除丘疹所造成的搔癢,并补充足夠的水分,通常在感染後一周左右就会自行痊愈。

**千万不要使用阿斯匹灵(Aspirin)或任何非类固醇消炎剂 (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , NSAIDs)

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4)如何预防?

避免蚊虫叮咬。如果在流行地区应该尽量穿着长袖遮体(最好是浅色衣服),在车子里和居住场所喷洒防蚊液,应使用经卫生福利部核可含DEET的防蚊液。尽量少在白天出门因为蚊子在白天容易较活跃。

5)如何传染?

孕妇可能在怀孕或生产过程中传染给胎儿,输血传染, 实验室传染,器官移植传染,哺乳,和通过性行为传染。
目前研究已在人类精液中发现了茲卡病毒,且有研究报道数起茲卡病毒透過性接触而人传人的案例。
目前对于茲卡病毒的性传播风险尚未有更多的了解,因此建议孕妇和情侣应采取安全的性行为措施,以免避免传染。

6)如果年长者患上茲卡病毒,会导致死亡吗?

理论上来说是会导致死亡。因为年长者一旦感染病毒,免疫力就会降低,更容易遭其他细菌侵袭而出现严重的并发症。不过,从目前的病例来看,情况并非如此。因为大多数人感染茲卡病毒后,仅出现轻微症状,死亡个案也罕见。

7)为什么怀孕妇女要特别注意预防茲卡病毒感染症?

因为近期曾在小頭畸形的新生儿及死亡的胎儿检验出茲卡病毒。但还需要进一步研究来证实关连性。
但茲卡病毒不会对未来怀孕造成风险。茲卡病毒留在患者血液通常只有几天到1周。

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8)如果怀孕中或正在哺乳,使用防蚊液安全吗?

如果使用方法正确的话,孕妇使用防蚊液是安全的。只在暴露的皮肤或衣服上使用驱蚊液,不要用于私处。
均匀涂抹在皮肤上即可,不能过多使用。不将驱蚊液涂抹在伤口或是发炎的皮肤上,如果误用需要立即用清水冲洗。
注意不要将驱蚊液涂到眼睛和嘴上,可少量用于耳朵周围。
给孩子使用之前,家长要先喷洒在手上,然后给孩子涂抹,尽量不要用于小孩的手上,因为他们经常将手放到他们眼睛和耳朵上。

In this Dec. 23, 2015 photo, Dejailson Arruda holds his daughter Luiza at their house in Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Luiza was born in October with a rare condition, known as microcephaly. Luiza's mother Angelica Pereira was infected with the Zika virus after a mosquito bite. Brazilian health authorities are convinced that Luiza's condition is related to the Zika virus that infected her mother during pregnancy. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)

9)小头畸形症是什么样的?

又称小头症,小头畸形儿的体格发育明显异常,智力发育显著迟缓。有的患儿甚至出现抽风、四肢僵硬或手足徐动及瘫痪。

10)如果刚从兹卡病毒流行区回来,有哪些需要特别注意的事情?

由于兹卡病毒可经由输血感染,因此在离开流行区后28天内应该暂停捐血。如果是男性,在离开流行区后8周内有性行为应使用保险套,如果性伴侣是孕妇,就该戴保险套直至对方分娩。如果是女性,则应延续8周后再怀孕。如果是孕妇,在离开流行区后应该自主健康监测至少两周,有任何症状就快速就医。

 
 
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